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Metadata only record ; This paper shares the history of forestry usage, and policy, while describing the evolution of forestry rights in two districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. The historical context allows us to understand before attempting to intervene in the local social, economic and physical context. In terms of gender, the paper shares some lessons learned from experiences, such as; some women's groups (Mahila Mandals) can be powerful taking action for the protection of forests. To ensure continuation and protection, these groups need legislative support. Threat to resources unified groups to create collective action. Current forest use shows an influence of old formal and informal access rights. Most recently, policy makers began allowing collective management of resources. What is now needed is for local people to take responsibility for managing and improving their resources.

Containing contributions from academics, practitioners, and professionals, the Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry presents a truly global overview with case studies drawn from across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The Handbook begins with an overview of the chapters and a discussion of the concept of community forestry and the key issues. Topics as wide-ranging as Indigenous forestry, conservation and ecosystem management, relationships with industrial forestry, trade and supply systems, land tenure and land grabbing, and climate change are addressed. The Handbook also focuses on governance, looking at the range of approaches employed, including multi-level governance and rights-based approaches, and the principal actors involved from local communities and Indigenous Peoples to governments and national and international non-governmental organisations. The Handbook reveals the importance of the historical context to community forestry and the effects of power and politics. Importantly, the Handbook not only focuses on successful examples of community forestry, but also addresses failures in order to highlight the key challenges we are still facing and potential solutions.

This introduction to the chapters on community forestry in North America summarises the often-traumatic post-Columbian interactions between Native Americans and waves of immigrants mainly from Europe. The Indigenous land management, mostly by controlled ground fire set in small patches, enables annual harvests of multiple goods and services from the forest. This 'light touch' management is sensitive to local ecologies and reduces the risk of catastrophic fires, which have been exacerbated by a century of government attempts to stop all forest fires.